Hi, getting visibility among core literary public is benchmark
of publishing success and this message is part of an aggressive online campaign
for the promotion and visibility of my two books [1] Political Internet and [2] Intimate Speakers among core reading public in
online space.
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women and online misogyny, introverts, underprivileged people, Diaspora,
cyberspace, Internet in education, International relations, digital politics,
social media and state, public sphere, civil society, social capital,
contentious politics and so on.
1. Political Internet: State and Politics in the Age of Social
Media, (Routledge 2017)
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2. Intimate Speakers: Why Introverted and Socially Ostracized Citizens
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Biju
P R
Author,
Teacher, Blogger
Assistant
Professor of Political Science
Government
Brennen College
Thalassery
Kerala,
India
1. Political Internet: State and Politics in the Age of Social Media,
(Routledge 2017), Amazon https://www.amazon.in/
2. Intimate Speakers: Why Introverted and Socially Ostracized Citizens Use Social Media, (Fingerprint! 2017)
Amazon: http://www.amazon.in/dp/
Alternate
reality by Nighath M Gandhi.
Islamic
Etiquettes to Sex.
Story
of Nusrath, a lesbian. Sex for men is all about penetration in bedroom.
It is a compelling argument that struck in my mind after reading Nighat M Gandhi' book- Alternate Reality. Author swished in to the life of Muslim women in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. She belives misogynistic forces begins from the most intimate lives of Muslim women in cities and villages of the three countries.
What an argument........
Alternative Reality by Nighat M Gandhi
The
term feminism can be used to describe a political, cultural or economic
movement aimed at establishing equal rights and legal protection for women.
Feminism involves political and sociological theories and philosophies
concerned with issues of gender difference, as well as a movement that
advocates gender equality for women and campaigns for women's rights and
interests. Although the terms "feminism" and "feminist" did
not gain widespread use until the 1970s, they were already being used in the
public parlance much earlier; for instance, Katherine Hepburn speaks of the
"feminist movement" in the 1942 film Woman of the Year. Feminism is
the radical notion that women are people." In other words, feminism is a
commitment to achieving the equality of the sexes.
Feminism strives to end the
discrimination, exploitation, and oppression of people due to their gender,
sexual orientation, race, class, and other differences and supports people in
being free to determine their own lives for themselves.
It aims to create a world where
there is no domination, where people are valued for being who they are fully
and freely. To create such a world, all forms of oppression need to end –
sexism, racism,
patriarchy, according to Oxford dictionaries, is “the advocacy of women’s
rights on the ground of the equality of the sexes” - What does this mean? Simply, feminism is the belief that all women should be
allowed the same opportunities, power and rights as men. They should be treated
the same and shouldn’t face discrimination or disadvantage based on their
gender. Working from that definition, everyone who believes women should have
complete equality as men could be deemed feminists.
A nonfiction book published in 1963,
The Feminine Mystique sparked the second-wave of the Women's Movement in
the United States, a movement that lasted until the early 1980s and, unlike the
first-wave's focus on the one issue of suffrage, expanded its agenda to a wide
variety of issues such as sexuality, reproductive rights, the workplace, and
more. Friedan's book came about by accident. For her 15th class reunion,
Friedan was asked to conduct a survey of her Smith College classmates. In
talking with them, she realized how unsatisfied they were as housewives. Afterwards,
she expanded her research to include other women and the media's use of
advertising. She pitched her work to a variety of magazines, but when none of
them wanted to publish her work as an article, she extended it into a book.
The Second Sex was another work credited with igniting the second-wave of
the Women's Movement. Published in 1949, it covered how women had been treated
throughout history. French author and existentialist Simone de Beauvoir wrote
it in 14 months and published it in two volumes. The book made the Vatican's
List of Prohibited Books.
When
Virginia Woolf stood up to give a lecture to the Newnham Arts Society in
1928, she started by imagining her audience’s puzzlement. Woolf tells us that
the best way to address the topic of "Women in Fiction" is to give us
a work of fiction that describes how she got to the conclusion that, in order
to write fiction. "A woman must
have money and a room of her own “Woolf’s essay explores how a woman “must have
money and a room of her own” to write fiction.
A Room of One's Own, a long form essay by Virginia Woolf, was first published
in book form on October 24, 1929. The material came from a series of lectures
Woolf gave at two women's colleges, Newnham and Girton, at Cambridge University
in 1928. In the essay, Woolf made the case that women writers should have a
space of their own. She meant literally and figuratively. She also pointed out
that the literary world was dominated by men. Woolf brilliantly used a
fictional narrator to make her case.
The Vagina Monologues Eve Ensler
The Vagina Monologues, a play made up of a series of monologues, premiered in New
York City in 1996. Written by Eve Ensler, the monologues covered a variety of
topics from a feminist perspective. The topics ranged from sex to menstruation,
birth, rape, female genital mutilation, and more. When the play first
premiered, Ensler performed all the monologues herself. Once she left the
production, three actresses divided up the monologues.
Published in 1970, Sexual
Politics was the first academic take on feminist literary criticism. The
book was based on Millett's PhD dissertation, in which she dissected the work
of D. H. Lawrence, Norman Mailer, and Henry Miller, among others. Millett
pointed out how the three authors wrote about women in a sexist way. The book
added fuel to the second wave of feminism, which had started in the early 60s.
The book was controversial, receiving national attention and a strong backlash
from men.
The Female Eunuch became an international bestseller after it was published
in 1970. Greer divided the nonfiction book into four sections: Body, Soul,
Love, and Hate. She explored the self-perception of women throughout history.
Translated into 11 languages, it was a key book in the feminist movement during
1970s.
A nonfiction book published in 1991,
The Beauty Myth was an instant best-seller and won the praise of many
feminists. Of the book, Gloria Steinem wrote, "The Beauty Myth is a
smart, angry, insightful book, and a clarion call to freedom. Every woman
should read it." In the book, Wolf made a case for a reevaluation of
society's current standards of beauty. She explained how women were constantly
under scrutiny in these five areas: hunger, religion, sex, violence, and work.
Since its publication in 1937, Their
Eyes Were Watching God has become an important work in womeTime
magazine included the book in its list of the 100 best novels that have been
published since 1923.
Published in 1982, The Color
Purple won a National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction. The novel,
set in Georgia, dealt with the lives of African American women in the South
during the 1930s. The novel won the praise of feminists because many of the
characters breakaway from traditional gender roles.
One of the earliest feminist works, A
Vindication of the Rights of Woman was first published in 1792. Wollstonecraft
began work on it after reading Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord's French
National Assembly report. In the report, he advised that women should only be
educated in domestic matters. Wollstonecraft used the report as an example of
double standards. The book was well received when it was published.
Wollstonecraft was working on a second volume when she died.
Liberal feminism
Liberal
feminism aims for individuals to use their own abilities and the democratic
process to help women and men become more equal in the eyes of the law and in
society. Liberal feminism's primary goal is gender
equality in the public sphere -- equal access to education, equal pay,
ending job sex segregation, better working conditions -- won primarily through
legal changes.
Socialist
feminism
(It
can also be termed Marxist feminism or materialist feminism). It traces the
oppression of women to inequalities that developed in connection with the class
system of private property. Socialist feminists view gender inequalities as
intrinsic to the capitalist system, which makes vast profits off women's unpaid
labor in the home and underpaid labor in the workforce.
Radical
feminists
It
target male psychology or biology as the source of women's oppression. The extreme
form of radical feminism is separatism, which advocates a total break with men.
Perhaps
the stereotype of feminists that we discussed before is most closely associated
with our first type of feminism, called radical
feminism. Radical feminism is a movement that believes sexism is so
deeply rooted in society that the only cure is to eliminate the concept of
gender completely. Radical feminists suggest changes, such as finding
technology that will allow babies to be grown outside of a woman's body, to
promote more equality between men and women. This will allow women to avoid
missing work for maternity leave, which radical feminists argue is one reason
women aren't promoted as quickly as men. In fact, radical feminists would argue
that the entire traditional family system is sexist. Men are expected to work
outside the home while women are expected to care for children and clean the
house. It is a cutting-edge branch of feminism focused on sweeping social
reforms, social change, and revolution. Argues against institutions like
patriarchy, heterosexism, and racism and instead emphasizes gender as a social
construction, denouncing biological roots of gender difference. Often paves the
way for other branches of feminism. It notes that this traditional dichotomy
maintains men as economically in power over women, and therefore, the
traditional family structure should be rejected.
Cultural
feminism:
It
focuses on women’s inherent differences from men, including their “natural”
kindness, tendencies to nurture, pacifism, relationship focus, and concern for
others. Opposes an emphasis on equality and instead argues for increased value
placed on culturally designated “women’s work.”
Eco-feminism:
It
argues against patriarchal tendencies to destroy the environment, animals, and
natural resources. Focuses on efforts to stop plundering of Earth’s resources,
often drawing parallels between exploitation of women and exploitation of the
Earth. Frequently connected with spirituality and vegetarianism.
Post-colonial
feminism:
Emphasizes
a rejection of colonial power relationships (in which the colonizer strips the
colonized subject of her customs, traditions, and values). Argues for the
deconstruction of power relationships and the inclusion of race within feminist
analyses. Usually includes all feminist writings not from Britain or the United
States.
Postcolonial feminists argue that oppression relating to the
colonial experience, particularly racial, class, and ethnic oppression, has
marginalized women in postcolonial societies. They challenge the assumption
that gender oppression is the primary force of patriarchy. Postcolonial
feminists object to portrayals of women of non-Western societies as passive and
voiceless victims and the portrayal of Western women as modern, educated and
empowered. Postcolonial feminism emerged from the gendered history of colonialism:
colonial powers often imposed Western norms on colonized regions.
Post
structuralist and Post-modern feminism:
Writer
Sithara. Yes, I have breast. I have cleave. Deepika Padukon
Analyzes
the male/female binary and argues against this binary as the organizing force
of society. Advocates deconstructionist techniques of blurring boundaries,
eliminating dichotomies, and accepting multiple realities rather than searching
for a singular “truth”. Post-structural feminism, also referred to as French
feminism, uses the insights of various epistemological movements, including
psychoanalysis, linguistics, political theory (Marxist and post-Marxist
theory), race theory, literary theory, and other intellectual currents for
feminist concerns. Many post-structural feminists maintain that difference is
one of the most powerful tools that females possess in their struggle with
patriarchal domination, and that to equate the feminist movement only with equality
is to deny women a plethora of options because equality is still defined from
the masculine or patriarchal perspective.
Postmodern
feminism is an approach to feminist theory that incorporates postmodern and
post-structuralist theory. The largest departure from other branches of
feminism is the argument that gender is constructed through language. The most
notable proponent of this argument is Judith Butler. In her 1990 book, Gender
Trouble, she draws on and critiques the work of Simone de Beauvoir, Michel
Foucault and Jacques Lacan. Butler criticizes the distinction drawn by previous
feminisms between biological sex and socially constructed gender. She says that
this does not allow for a sufficient criticism of essentialism. For Butler
"woman" is a debatable category, complicated by class, ethnicity,
sexuality, and other facets of identity. She states that gender is
performative. This argument leads to the conclusion that there is no single
cause for women's subordination and no single approach towards dealing with the
issue.
Psychoanalytic
feminism:
It
uses psychoanalysis as a tool of female liberation by revising certain
patriarchal tenants, such as Freud’s view on mothering, Oedipal/Electra
complex, penis envy, and female sexuality.
Post-feminism
It
is feminism informed by psychoanalysis, postmodernism, and post-colonialism. It
emphasizes multiple forms of oppression, multiple definitions of feminism, and
a shift beyond equality as the major goal of the feminist movement. Post-feminism
describes a range of viewpoints reacting to feminism. While not being
"anti-feminist”, post-feminists believe that women have achieved second
wave goals while being critical of third wave feminist goals. The term was
first used in the 1980s to describe a backlash against second-wave feminism. It
is now a label for a wide range of theories that take critical approaches to
previous feminist discourses and includes challenges to the second wave's
ideas. Other post-feminists say that feminism is no longer relevant to today's
society. Amelia Jones wrote that the post-feminist texts which emerged in the
1980s and 1990s portrayed second-wave feminism as a monolithic entity and
criticized it using generalizations. One of the earliest uses of the term was
in Susan Bolotin's 1982 article "Voices of the Post-Feminist
Generation," published in New York Times Magazine. This article was based
on a number of interviews with women who largely agreed with the goals of
feminism, but did not identify as feminists. Some contemporary feminists, such as Katha
Pollitt or Nadine Strossen, consider feminism to hold simply that "women
are people". Views that separate the sexes rather than unite them are
considered by these writers to be sexist rather than feminist'.'
History of
feminism
According
to Maggie Humm and Rebecca Walker, the history of feminism can be divided into
three waves. The first feminist wave was in the nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries, the second was in the 1960s and 1970s, and the third extends from
the 1990s to the present. Feminist theory emerged from these feminist
movements. It is manifest in a variety of disciplines such as feminist
geography, feminist history and feminist literary criticism.
First wave
First-wave
feminism refers to an extended period of feminist activity during the
nineteenth century and early twentieth century in the United Kingdom and the
United States. By the end of the nineteenth century, activism focused primarily
on gaining political power, particularly the right of women's suffrage.
Second wave
Second-wave
feminism refers to the period of activity in the early 1960s and lasting
through the late 1980s. The scholar Imelda Whelehan suggests that the second
wave was a continuation of the earlier phase of feminism involving the suffragettes
in the UK and USA. Second-wave feminism has continued to exist since that time
and coexists with what is termed third-wave feminism. The scholar Estelle
Freedman compares first and second-wave feminism saying that the first wave
focused on rights such as suffrage, whereas the second wave was largely
concerned with other issues of equality, such as ending discrimination.
The
feminist activist and author Carol Hanisch coined the slogan "The Personal
is Political" which became synonymous with the second wave. Second-wave
feminists saw women's cultural and political inequalities as inextricably
linked and encouraged women to understand aspects of their personal lives as
deeply politicized and as reflecting sexist power structures.
Third wave
Third-wave
feminism began in the early 1990s, arising as a response to perceived failures
of the second wave and also as a response to the backlash against initiatives
and movements created by the second wave. Third-wave feminism seeks to
challenge or avoid what it deems the second wave's essentialist definitions of
femininity, which (according to them) over-emphasize the experiences of upper
middle-class white women.
A
post-structuralist interpretation of gender and sexuality is central to much of
the third wave's ideology. Third-wave feminists often focus on
"micro-politics" and challenge the second wave's paradigm as to what
is, or is not, good for females. The third wave has its origins in the
mid-1980s. Feminist leaders rooted in the second wave like Gloria Anzaldua,
bell hooks, Chela Sandoval, Cherrie Moraga, Audre Lorde, Maxine Hong Kingston,
and many other black feminists, sought to negotiate a space within feminist
thought for consideration of race-related subjectivities.
Third-wave
feminism also contains internal debates between difference feminists such as
the psychologist Carol Gilligan (who believes that there are important
differences between the sexes) and those who believe that there are no inherent
differences between the sexes and contend that gender roles are due to social
conditioning.
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