What reference shall we use for the Civil Service Mains and Preliminary Examination for preparing General Studies paper on Indian Polity.
The Oxford Companion to Politics in India: Student Edition Paperback, Niraja Gopal Jaya, OUP 2011
The Success of India's Democracy, Cambridge University
Press Atul Kohli, (September 10, 2001)
India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest
Democracy, Ramachandra
Guha
The Politics of India since Independence, Cambridge
University Press; Paul
R. Brass (October 28, 1994)
Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India, Lawrence James, St. Martin's Griffin; (August 12,
2000)
Burden of Democracy, Pratap
Bhanu Mehta, Penguin India (January 2003)
Indian Polity for Civil Services Examinations, M Laxmikanth, Tata
McGraw – Hill
Introduction to the Constitution of India, DD Basu,
LexisNexis, 2013
Today let us discuss parliamentary
democracy in India.
Dear
friend, when to discuss Parliamentary democracy, one must know how we made up
our Constitution, who formed it, what are its structure, how it operates, its
features, basic structure, etc?
Then,
think how do we place all this under one rubric?
Certainly,
one must understand how we prepare our constitution and how it structures a
Parliamentary democratic structure in India.
Seriously
enough, my dear friend, we placed a parliamentary experiments through a
Constituent Assembly which formed a constitution for India.
You
might know what it means to say a Constituent Assembly.
CA
means a legal representative body chosen for purposes of considering, adopting,
or proposing a Constitution, an assembly of extra ordinary representatives. It
adopts a new constitution; bring about fundamental changes in an existing
Constitution.
Ivor
Jennings says three conditions where a CA comes in to force: when a great
social revolution, when a nation throws off its foreign yoke, and when a nation
is created by fusion of smaller political units. Here we belong to second
situation.
Evolution of CA which finally provided a
parliamentary democracy in India
Idea
of CA was there from Philadelphia Convention 1787, National Assembly of France
1789-91. Demand for CA was strong as early as 1918-33rd session of
INC held at Delhi called Principle of self-determination. In Young India,
Gandhi spoke of idea of Swaraj, on 10 August 1928 Motilal Nehru Chairman of the
Committee to decide on the Constitution of India appointed by the Bombay
meeting of All Parties Conference submitted report. Later, called Nehru report
was: First attempt by Indian for Constitution. The issue was further discussed
in three Round Table Conference at London. August Offer of 1940 authoritatively
conceded to demand for CA. Cripps Proposal of 1942 envisaged a Dominion of r
India. But proposal failed due to non-acceptance of Indian leadership. Quit
India resolution 8 Aug 1942 called for CA. Cabinet Mission 1946 set a “to lay
out a constitution” of India by Indians. The Mission failed to bring INC and ML
to reach an agreement. However, Cabinet Mission was obliged to put forward
their own proposal for CA, which were simultaneously announced in India, and
England on 16 may 1946.
Original
CM proposal consists of 389 total seats in CA. British India 292; Indian States
93; Seats for Chief Commissioners’ Provinces 4= 389.
Composition:
389 members, 296 to be elected from British India, 93 from native states, ML
boycotted Assembly. Therefore, only 211 members attended first meeting out of
296. At 11 a.m., 9 December 1946 the CA began functioning-first session. It
worked for Dec 1946 to Dec 1949. It sat for 2 years, 17 days, to draft the
Constitution. 11 sessions, 165 days of
actual working, 15 committees.
The challenges our CA had to overcome to place the Constitution for the Citizens.
Top 10 Social Evil Issues in India that must be Stopped
India has the most diverse
religion and has a very rich culture. There are many beliefs and rituals that
people are following from a very long period of time. There are many rituals in
India that have transformed into social evils. These social evils have made the
progress of India go down. People are not judged on the basis of their quality
but on the basis of caste, creed or gender. India is developing at a very fast
rate but these social evils have hindered the growth of this nation. Some of
the most prevalent social evils in India that must be removed are listed below.
10. Gender Inequality
In India men are considered
far superior than women in every field. From a very long period of time women
are thought to be the ones who have to work at home and take care of the
family. Men are supposed to protect and earn the livelihood for the family.
Though this mentality has changed in the past few years but still it is
practiced in many parts of the countries. Women are still not allowed to go out
of the house alone. There are many religions in India which force women to
cover their faces and their heads while going out. They are still treated to be
lower than men. Gender discrimination has given rise to many other types of
discrimination and other evils too like harassment and wage discrimination. Women
are not paid equal salaries for the same work as the men does. It is still not
considered important to educate the girl child in many parts of the country.
9. Dowry
Dowry system is the most
deep seated problem in the Indian society. Due to dowry system in Indian
society many other social evils have taken birth. Girl children are neglected,
sex- selective abortion is also the main result of dowry system. Parents don’t
spend money to teach their girl child as they think they have to pay this money
in the future when their daughter will get married. Though many people have
opposed this system but yet it has spread its roots deep down in the Indian
society. Even in the Rig Veda it is mentioned that the bride’s family have to
offer the dowry to the boy’s family.
8. Cast discrimination
Cast division is one of the
social evils that are only found in India unlike the gender division. Every
society in India is divided into many groups according to the family they are
born in. members of the same cast have to do the same occupation, marry in the
same caste and many of the lower caste were not allowed to eat with people who
belongs to the upper classes. People of the lower caste are termed as
untouchables and were not allowed to even touch the people from higher caste.
Though there are many rules and laws made in India to eradicate the caste
system but they are not very successful. With urbanization and modernization
the caste system has changed a lot in some years in India. Caste hierarchy is
all broken down and now it does not matter to people who they are walking
beside and who they are eating with. Still in rural areas it is prevalent and
measures are to be taken to completely eliminate this issue from the Indian
society.
7. Female infanticide
Female infanticide is the
most shameful social evil prevalent in India. Girl child is considered to be a
burden on the family and hence people get sex selective abortions done. There
are thousands of cases registered in India about female infanticide.
Infanticide means to kill the child intentionally. Though female infanticide is
not legal in India but still in many rural parts of the country it is
practiced. This social evil is the most gruesome one. Mothers are forced by the
family to abort their girl child. It is the most brutal crime. Over 1000 boys
there are only 914 girls in India. Either the child is killed in the womb or is
killed after the birth by giving her poisonous substance or burying her alive.
Female infanticide has existed in India since 1789. During those years female
infanticide was practiced more in the Kutch region in India.
6. Child labor and child
exploitation
This is the worst social
evil in India. Children are exploited and are made to work in dangerous places
like cracker factories. They are not treated properly. At the age where they
are supposed to play and go to school they are made to work in factories and in
shops. Since their parents are not rich enough to fulfil the basic needs of the
family or they don’t want to work so they force their child to work in small
shops and factories. Like other social evils there are rules and laws made to
stop the child exploitation but nothing has been ever properly implemented in
India and hence you can still see teenagers and children working in the shops
and factories.
5. Prostitution
Prostitution is the sexual
service people give in return of money. Many women are forced sexual slavery
and many of them work as prostitute to earn their living. Women and girls are
made as sexual slaves from a very long period of time in India. There are
around three million girls and women working in this profession. That a huge
number!!!! Not only is this child prostitution the major social evil in India.
Children are forced to be sex labors and there are more than 1.2 million
children working in this profession. Child prostitution is the major concern in
India.
4. Sati
The practice of sati was
considered to be religious in the history of India. Wives used to burn
themselves alive on the corpse of their husband. Sati means the burning of the
Hindu widow in India. Hough this practice used to be voluntarily done but in
many cases the women were forced o burn on the pyre of their husband. Sati was
a Hindu Goddess who burnt herself alive for his husband’s respect. Though sati
is considered to be Hindu tradition but it is also practiced in many other
communities in India. This practiced is considered to be an illegal practice in
India and has reduced to a very great extent in India. There are still very few
cases still registered in India where a women burnt herself on his dead
husband’s corpse.
3. Drug abuse
Drug abuse is also a very
major problem in India that not only affects many of the people addicted to it
but also their near and dear ones. There are more than 7.5 million drug users
in India. This number is increasing at an alarming rate. Drug addicts are
mainly found in the urban areas. People who are more influenced by the drugs
are street workers and transportation workers. There are many social awareness
programs started in India to reduce the number of drug users in India but all
in vain. Due to the modern lifestyle people are getting more used to drugs and
alcohols.
2. Domestic violence
Domestic violence Is an
endemic predominantly against woman.. Around 70 percent women of India are
victims to domestic violence. In almost every house woman are tortured for
dowry by her in-laws. In every city of India girls are harassed and tortured in
every street they walk. In every 29 minutes a case of cruelty is filed.
Today girls are afraid of coming out from their houses, they are afraid
of walking alone in the streets There are several acts and laws are passed bt
no serious action is taken against this dispute.
1. Poverty
It is the state where one
lacks a certain amount of material or money. It refers to the absolute
deprivation of basic human needs which commonly includes food, water, shelter;
money etc. poverty is a very common problem in India. Most of the Indian
population is deprived of the basic needs of life. Poverty has given rise to
many other evils in India. Unemployment and the increasing population is the
main cause of poverty in India. People commit many kinds of rimes like robbery
and murders because they are not able to get the basic amenities of life. There
are many measured taken by the Indian government to reduce poverty in India.
Awareness programs are starts. Subsidies are provided to poor people. Many
other measures are also taken.
A summary of Constitution
· Contains 395 Articles divided into XXII Parts
· 12 Schedules
· 3 Appendix
SCHEDULES TO THE CONSTITUTION
|
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No. of Schedule
|
Subject matter
|
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First
|
I.
The States
II.
The Union Territories
|
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Second
|
Part A: Provisions as to the President and the
Governors
Part B: Omitted
Part C: Provisions as to Speaker, Deputy Speaker etc.
Part D: Provisions as to the Judges of SC and HC
Part E: Provisions as to Comptroller and
Auditor-General of India
|
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Third
|
Forms of Oaths or Affirmations
|
|||
Fourth
|
Allocation of seats in the Council of States
|
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Fifth
|
Provisions as to the Administration and Control of
Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes (contains Parts A, B, C and D)
|
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Sixth
|
Provisions as to Administration of Tribal Areas in the
States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram
|
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Seventh
|
List I : Union List (97 subjects)
List II : State List (66 subjects)
List III : Concurrent List (47 subjects)
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Eighth
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22 languages
|
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Ninth
|
Validation of Acts and Regulations though inconsistent
with Part III of the Constitution.
|
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Tenth
|
Provisions as to Disqualification on Ground of
Defection.
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Eleventh
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Powers, Authority and Responsibilities of Panchayat
|
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Twelfth
|
Powers, Authority and Responsibilities of Municipality
|
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APPENDIX
|
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I
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The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir)
Order, 1954
|
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II
|
Re-statement, with reference to the present text of the
Constitution, of the exceptions and modifications subject to which the
Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir
|
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III
|
|
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