Hi, getting visibility among core literary public is benchmark
of publishing success and this message is part of an aggressive online campaign
for the promotion and visibility of my two books [1] Political Internet and [2] Intimate Speakers among core reading public in
online space.
It will be really helpful if you are able
to help me forward, share, tweet, post, or tag this message or parts of this
message among potential
beneficiaries of the ideas in the books in your network, your friend’s
network or their networks?
Or anyone should according to you
benefit if they work broadly on anything related to social media, Internet,
society, politics, cyber sexuality, Internet pornography, intimacies,
women and online misogyny, introverts, underprivileged people, Diaspora,
cyberspace, Internet in education, International relations, digital politics,
social media and state, public sphere, civil society, social capital,
contentious politics and so on.
Buy it on Amazon:
Preview on Google Play:
Preview on Google Books:
Preview on Kindle:
Publisher Website:
2. Intimate Speakers: Why Introverted and Socially Ostracized Citizens
Use Social Media, (Fingerprint! 2017).
Buy it on Amazon:
Flipkart:
Blog Review:
goodreadsreviews:
Contact the author
Facebook: https://www.facebook
Twitter: https://twitter.com/b
Blogger: http://bijugayu.blogs
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin
WordPress: https://bijugayu.wo
Tumblr: http://bijugayu.tumblr
Google +: https://plus.google.com/102
Twitter: https://twitter.com/b
Blogger: http://bijugayu.blogs
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin
WordPress: https://bijugayu.wo
Tumblr: http://bijugayu.tumblr
Google +: https://plus.google.com/102
Biju
P R
Author,
Teacher, Blogger
Assistant
Professor of Political Science
Government
Brennen College
Thalassery
Kerala,
India
My Books
1. Political Internet: State and Politics in the Age of Social Media,
(Routledge 2017), Amazon https://www.amazon.in/
2. Intimate Speakers: Why Introverted and Socially Ostracized Citizens Use Social Media, (Fingerprint! 2017)
Amazon: http://www.amazon.in/dp/
1. Political Internet: State and Politics in the Age of Social Media,
(Routledge 2017), Amazon https://www.amazon.in/
2. Intimate Speakers: Why Introverted and Socially Ostracized Citizens Use Social Media, (Fingerprint! 2017)
Amazon: http://www.amazon.in/dp/
It
was Mark Twain who said "I didn’t have time to write a short letter, so I
wrote a long one” When you have numerous ideas and extensive information, the
challenge is always determining what is pertinent and essential to impart the
right message to where it should reach. This is a vital skill that Globalization
has different meanings to different people. Some analysts prefer to use the
more specific term “international economic integration” thereby focusing on the
economic and financial aspects. On the other hand, globalization has reached
into political, social and cultural dimensions. Modern States need to deal with
all dimensions.
1. Internationalization of trade, finance and
investment has put greater limits on the ability of State as monopoly of
physical control and podium of supreme power.
2. Rapid advance of technology has made new
dimension to security and geography that gave new challenges to the State and
its ability as sole manager of the affairs of its subjects.
3. Dissemination of political paradigms has also
made new modus operandi to think about social world. for instances people began
to think about world and globe I new parameters such as global village,
borderless world that became more problematic to idea of State.
Furthermore,
globalization is being used to promote certain values, behaviours and standards
in a number of key areas: political, socio-economic, and environmental and that
of security systems. A wide variety of values and systems of democracy, such as
citizens exercising their basic political right of electing their own
Governments, are increasingly becoming the global standards in the political
arena.
In addition, the emergence of new social movements
with both local and transnational influence has pit greater stress on State
power and its ability to handle issues that are beyond its borders and
jurisdiction.
Standardization of the world’s security Systems. Considerable experience has been
obtained in peacemaking activities through the United Nations, and some
standardization has been reached in process and logistic areas. Besides the
United Nations system, other modalities, such as multilateral forces organized
by individual Member States, have been successful. Also, regional security
mechanisms, such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), have had some success.
Internationalization of cross-border Problems. Many
problems has been situated in an arena that has become quite difficult for
State to manage by its own. For instances border issues, Terrorist problems etc
has attained some kind of cross-border dimension for which State alone are not
stake holders.
Formidable shifts of power from sovereign States to
technologically advanced global elites and private multinational interests. Driven by modern technology,
transportation, telecommunications, education and economic liberalization,
globalization has the potential to transform the way in which organizations and
people operate, cooperate and interface. Specifically, elites from all
countries can be said to share some “globalized” values. On the other hand,
disadvantaged groups within societies, and some societies as a whole,
especially in developing countries, are excluded from the fruits of
globalization. These excluded citizens cannot reap the benefits of the advanced
information age and accelerated world trade. The more globalized States are
transforming their decision-making processes so as to render them inclusive,
participatory and democratic. On the other hand, for marginalized countries,
globalization may contribute to a further shift of power and decision-making
away from those concerned with national well-being and into the hands of
unaccountable elites.
Impact of globalization:
the private sector, civil society and the State
A. The
private sector
Globalization
is largely private sector-driven. It represents a shift in the locus of
decision-making not only from the nation State to transnational actors but also
from national Governments to the private sector. Economic liberalization
includes financial sector deregulation, foreign exchange decontrol and freedom
of trade, and goes hand-in-hand with globalization. Globalization presents
entrepreneurs and corporations with unlimited opportunities to participate in
economic activities in national, regional and global contexts. The opening up
of economic opportunities allows the movement of foreign capital, technology
and management, largely from transnational corporations to host country
entrepreneurs and corporations. As national economies open up, mergers between
businesses from different countries and outright purchases or investment in the
equity of businesses in one country by owners from other countries are becoming
more and more common. This involvement puts private sector organizations at
centre stage, and also requires them to meet certain levels of performance in
terms of the quality, standards and timeliness of their business activity. This
competitive market pressure upon business leaders, executives and workers,
especially in developing countries, urges high standards of organization,
training and discipline if they are to run their operations successfully. In
some countries, there is lacking a full understanding and appreciation of these
business imperatives by the other key sectors in society including government
regulatory and financial agencies, labour organizations, media and training
institutions. In many developing countries, an enabling framework does not
exist. Instead, policy instability, inconsistent or inadequate implementation
of policies, lack of support from political parties and leaders for private
sector businesses, poor, law and order situations and inadequate physical
infrastructures discourage emerging private sector businesses in developing
countries.
Civil
society
Broadly
speaking, civil society covers all organizations and groups not specifically
governmental or income-generating. Civil society organizations can be
characterized as a network of groups organized around special interests such as
advocacy and offering services to the poor and disadvantaged (credit, health,
education, training, housing, legal protection and so forth); providing support
to the victims of human rights abuses and preventing future abuses; protecting
environment and natural resources from all kinds of pollution and degradations;
and promoting the interests of labour. Popularly known as non-governmental
organizations or NGOs these groups include all local and externally financed
private charitable, social service, developmental and professional
organizations. In the United States, there are over 2 million such groups. In
the decade since communism collapsed, the Russian Federation has witnessed the
formation of 65,000 independent organizations dealing with a full range of
issues. In Bangladesh, there are about 10,000 non-governmental organizations at
work. Global non-governmental organizations are also expanding in number and
scope. Four decades ago, there were fewer than 1,000 non-governmental
organizations operating in about three countries. Now at the beginning of the
twenty-first century, the United Nations reports almost 30,000 non-governmental
organizations operating internationally
The State
Globalization
impacts heavily on the State — its policies, institutions and functionaries.
Major disruptions occur for many individuals and groups; and as the State is no
longer the sole authority for protecting and promoting the interests of the
poor and disadvantaged, other social, economic and political institutions are
beginning to take responsibility for dealing with some of those disruptions in
society.
Globalization
is a journey. But it is a journey toward an unreachable destination --
"the globalized world." A "globalized" economy could be
defined as one in which neither distance nor national borders impede economic
transactions. This would be a world where the costs of transport and
communications were zero and the barriers created by differing national
jurisdictions had vanished. Needless to say, we do not live in anything even
close to such a world. And since many of the things we transport (including
ourselves) are physical, we never will.
Let us
examine what has been traditionally associated with the concept state
Sovereignty.
The world’s 190-plus states now co-exist with a larger number of powerful non-sovereign
and at least partly (and often largely) independent actors, ranging from
corporations to non-government organisations (NGOs), from terrorist groups to
drug cartels, from regional and global institutions to banks and private equity
funds. The sovereign state is influenced by them (for better and for worse) as
much as it is able to influence them. The near monopoly of power once enjoyed
by sovereign entities is being eroded.
As
a result, new mechanisms are needed for regional and global governance that
include actors other than states. This is not to argue that Microsoft, Amnesty
International, or Goldman Sachs be given seats in the United Nations General
Assembly, but it does mean including representatives of such organisations in
regional and global deliberations when they have the capacity to affect whether
and how regional and global challenges are met. Moreover, states must be
prepared to cede some sovereignty to world bodies if the international system
is to function.
This
is already taking place in the trade realm. Governments agree to accept the
rulings of the World Trade Organisation because on balance they benefit from an
international trading order, even if a particular decision requires that they
alter a practice that is their sovereign right to carry out.
All
of this suggests that sovereignty must be redefined if states are to cope with
globalisation. Globalisation thus implies that sovereignty is not only becoming
weaker in reality, but that it needs to become weaker. States would be wise to
weaken sovereignty in order to protect themselves, because they cannot insulate
themselves from what goes on elsewhere. Sovereignty is no longer a sanctuary.
Population.
Popultion has been another layer that distinguishes State from all other
organization and make it more supreme and unique. But now the idea of
population has come to new parameters where even State promotes people from
other societies to migrate to its territory. Canada is an example.
Government.
The idea of government has come to greater change in its meaning, activities
and dimensions. Government now aday is one among many forms of organization
that can serve citizen. For instances many NGO, Civil society groups,
philanthropy even MNCs has greater financial and other potentialities which
even many modern government lack.
Territory
The
territorial structures and compartments which have, for the past few hundred years,
formed a basic component of the state system are experiencing structural
change. The impact of globalisation and the changing nature of the world
political order have raised major questions concerning the role of the nation
state and the way in which territory continues to define the spatial extent of
sovereignty. Notions of a “borderless world” and political
“deterritorialization” are seen as signalling a new world order in which the
territorial component in world affairs is of much reduced significance. Political deterritorialisation .It is
unbelievable that our culture,land,space conception etc are fast chaning since
we have access to computer.
Borderless
world
As
the Foreign Affairs columnist for The New York Times, Thomas L. Friedman
has traveled to the four corners of the globe, interviewing people from all
walks of contemporary life – Brazilian peasants in the Amazon rain forest, new
entrepreneurs in Indonesia, Islamic students in Teheran, and the financial
wizards on Wall Street and in Silicon Valley. Now Friedman has drawn on his
years on the road to produce an engrossing and original look at the new
international system that, more than anything else, is shaping world affairs
today: globalization.
His
argument can be summarized quite simply. Globalization is not just a phenomenon
and not just a passing trend. It is the international system that replaced the
Cold War system. Globalization is the integration of capital, technology, and
information across national borders, in a way that is creating a single global
market and, to some degree, a global village. You cannot understand the morning
news or know where to invest your money or think about where the world is going
unless you understand this new system, which is influencing the domestic policies
and international relations of virtually every country in the world today. And
once you do understand the world as Friedman explains it, you'll never look at
it quite the same way again.
With
vivid stories and a set of original terms and concepts, Friedman shows us how
to see this new system. He dramatizes the conflict of "the Lexus and the
olive tree" – the tension between the globalization system and ancient
forces of culture, geography, tradition, and community. He also details the
powerful backlash that globalization produces among those who feel brutalized
by it, and he spells out what we all need to do to keep this system in balance.
Finding the proper balance between the Lexus and the olive tree is the great
drama of the globalization era, and the ultimate theme of Friedman's
challenging, provocative book.
One
of the contested aspects of globalization and State debate concerns its
geographical aspect and especially whether globalization is rendering the
significance of location, territory power and place redundant and irrelevant.
Several writers have argued that globalization—especially as driven by the
revolution in information and communications technologies (ICT)—marks the ‘end
of geography’ (O'Brien, 1992), O'Brien R. Global Financial
Integration: The End of Geography. London: Pinter; 1992. the onset of the
‘death of distance’ (Cairncross, 1997), Cairncross F. The Death of
Distance: How the Communications Revolution Will Change Our Lives. London:
Orion Publishing; 1997.the emergence of a ‘borderless world’ (Ohmae, 1995), Ohmae K. The Borderless World:
Power and Strategy in an Interdependent Economy. New York: Harper Business;
1995of ‘de-territorialization’ or ‘supra-territorialisation’ (Scholte, 2000)Scholte JA. Globalization.
Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan; 2000 and the ‘vanishing of distance’ (Reich, 2001).Reich R. The Future of Success:
Work and Life in the New Economy. London: William Heinemann; 2001. The most
provocative—certainly the most colourful—of these claims is Thomas Friedman's
recent pronouncement that as a consequence of globalization, ‘the world is flat’
(Friedman, 2006). Friedman T. The World is Flat.
London: Penguin Books; 2006.He contends that the ICT revolution, the
deregulation of markets by states and increasing economic integration have
contributed to a marked time–space compression of economic processes. The
alleged result is that there is no longer any ‘friction of distance’ in
economic relationships.
In
short what we understand as State in its modern form does not exist altogether
in contemporary age. The works of many scholars being cited are testimony to
the fact that a great deal of literature has begun to surface in academic and
popular circles that defy State as a powerful, autonomous and sovereign
institution now a day. Many modern notions and paraphernalia that are
traditionally thought to constitute the State have begun to undergo
transformation. Now State has began to metamorphose in to new forms such as
hollow State, Virtual State etc. Sovereignty, security, territory,
geography, population, power, and a
plenty of variables by which State has been defined as the sole source of
autonomy and national sovereign has a greater extent seems being challenged
with the rise and emergence of globalization. Globalization has altered the
very meaning of State.
No comments:
Post a Comment